In which context and for whom can interventions improve leadership of surgical trainees, surgeons and surgical teams and why: a realist review protocol

Background: Improving effective leadership of individuals, groups, and healthcare organisations is essential for improving surgical performance indirectly health outcomes patients. Numerous systematic reviews have been conducted which seek to determine the effectiveness specific interventions across a range disciplines outcomes. The purpose this realist review systematically synthesise literature examines in context whom improve surgeons, teams, trainees. Methods: Several approaches will be used iteratively search scientific grey identify relevant evidence. Selected articles inform development programme theory that seeks explain can trainees, teams. Next, empirical studies searched order test and, where necessary, refine theory. Once theoretical saturation has achieved, recommendations advancing surgery developed. Stakeholder patient public consultations contribute written up according Realist And Meta-narrative Evidence Synthesis: Evolving Standards publication standards. No ethical required conduct review. Discussion: The knowledge gained from provide evidence-based guidance those planning or designing surgery. help policymakers, educationalists, providers, delivering programmes design are acceptable community successful leadership. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021230709